"""
NumPy
=====
Provides
1. An array object of arbitrary homogeneous items
2. Fast mathematical operations over arrays
3. Linear Algebra, Fourier Transforms, Random Number Generation
How to use the documentation
----------------------------
Documentation is available in two forms: docstrings provided
with the code, and a loose standing reference guide, available from
`the NumPy homepage <https://numpy.org>`_.
We recommend exploring the docstrings using
`IPython <https://ipython.org>`_, an advanced Python shell with
TAB-completion and introspection capabilities. See below for further
instructions.
The docstring examples assume that `numpy` has been imported as ``np``::
>>> import numpy as np
Code snippets are indicated by three greater-than signs::
>>> x = 42
>>> x = x + 1
Use the built-in ``help`` function to view a function's docstring::
>>> help(np.sort)
... # doctest: +SKIP
For some objects, ``np.info(obj)`` may provide additional help. This is
particularly true if you see the line "Help on ufunc object:" at the top
of the help() page. Ufuncs are implemented in C, not Python, for speed.
The native Python help() does not know how to view their help, but our
np.info() function does.
To search for documents containing a keyword, do::
>>> np.lookfor('keyword')
... # doctest: +SKIP
General-purpose documents like a glossary and help on the basic concepts
of numpy are available under the ``doc`` sub-module::
>>> from numpy import doc
>>> help(doc)
... # doctest: +SKIP
Available subpackages
---------------------
lib
Basic functions used by several sub-packages.
random
Core Random Tools
linalg
Core Linear Algebra Tools
fft
Core FFT routines
polynomial
Polynomial tools
testing
NumPy testing tools
distutils
Enhancements to distutils with support for
Fortran compilers support and more (for Python <= 3.11).
Utilities
---------
test
Run numpy unittests
show_config
Show numpy build configuration
matlib
Make everything matrices.
__version__
NumPy version string
Viewing documentation using IPython
-----------------------------------
Start IPython and import `numpy` usually under the alias ``np``: `import
numpy as np`. Then, directly past or use the ``%cpaste`` magic to paste
examples into the shell. To see which functions are available in `numpy`,
type ``np.<TAB>`` (where ``<TAB>`` refers to the TAB key), or use
``np.*cos*?<ENTER>`` (where ``<ENTER>`` refers to the ENTER key) to narrow
down the list. To view the docstring for a function, use
``np.cos?<ENTER>`` (to view the docstring) and ``np.cos??<ENTER>`` (to view
the source code).
Copies vs. in-place operation
-----------------------------
Most of the functions in `numpy` return a copy of the array argument
(e.g., `np.sort`). In-place versions of these functions are often
available as array methods, i.e. ``x = np.array([1,2,3]); x.sort()``.
Exceptions to this rule are documented.
"""
# start delvewheel patch
def _delvewheel_patch_1_5_2():
import os
libs_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), os.pardir, 'numpy.libs'))
if os.path.isdir(libs_dir):
os.add_dll_directory(libs_dir)
_delvewheel_patch_1_5_2()
del _delvewheel_patch_1_5_2
# end delvewheel patch
import sys
import warnings
from ._globals import _NoValue, _CopyMode
# These exceptions were moved in 1.25 and are hidden from __dir__()
from .exceptions import (
ComplexWarning, ModuleDeprecationWarning, VisibleDeprecationWarning,
TooHardError, AxisError)
# If a version with git hash was stored, use that instead
from . import version
from .version import __version__
# We first need to detect if we're being called as part of the numpy setup
# procedure itself in a reliable manner.
try:
__NUMPY_SETUP__
except NameError:
__NUMPY_SETUP__ = False
if __NUMPY_SETUP__:
sys.stderr.write('Running from numpy source directory.\n')
else:
# Allow distributors to run custom init code before importing numpy.core
from . import _distributor_init
try:
from numpy.__config__ import show as show_config
except ImportError as e:
msg = """Error importing numpy: you should not try to import numpy from
its source directory; please exit the numpy source tree, and relaunch
your python interpreter from there."""
raise ImportError(msg) from e
__all__ = [
'exceptions', 'ModuleDeprecationWarning', 'VisibleDeprecationWarning',
'ComplexWarning', 'TooHardError', 'AxisError']
# mapping of {name: (value, deprecation_msg)}
__deprecated_attrs__ = {}
from . import core
from .core import *
from . import compat
from . import exceptions
from . import dtypes
from . import lib
# NOTE: to be revisited following future namespace cleanup.
# See gh-14454 and gh-15672 for discussion.
from .lib import *
from . import linalg
from . import fft
from . import polynomial
from . import random
from . import ctypeslib
from . import ma
from . import matrixlib as _mat
from .matrixlib import *
# Deprecations introduced in NumPy 1.20.0, 2020-06-06
import builtins as _builtins
_msg = (
"module 'numpy' has no attribute '{n}'.\n"
"`np.{n}` was a deprecated alias for the builtin `{n}`. "
"To avoid this error in existing code, use `{n}` by itself. "
"Doing this will not modify any behavior and is safe. {extended_msg}\n"
"The aliases was originally deprecated in NumPy 1.20; for more "
"details and guidance see the original release note at:\n"
" https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.20.0-notes.html#deprecations")
_specific_msg = (
"If you specifically wanted the numpy scalar type, use `np.{}` here.")
_int_extended_msg = (
"When replacing `np.{}`, you may wish to use e.g. `np.int64` "
"or `np.int32` to specify the precision. If you wish to review "
"your current use, check the release note link for "
"additional information.")
_type_info = [
("object", ""), # The NumPy scalar only exists by name.
("bool", _specific_msg.format("bool_")),
("float", _specific_msg.format("float64")),
("complex", _specific_msg.format("complex128")),
("str", _specific_msg.format("str_")),
("int", _int_extended_msg.format("int"))]
__former_attrs__ = {
n: _msg.format(n=n, extended_msg=extended_msg)
for n, extended_msg in _type_info
}
# Future warning introduced in NumPy 1.24.0, 2022-11-17
_msg = (
"`np.{n}` is a deprecated alias for `{an}`. (Deprecated NumPy 1.24)")
# Some of these are awkward (since `np.str` may be preferable in the long
# term), but overall the names ending in 0 seem undesirable
_type_info = [
("bool8", bool_, "np.bool_"),
("int0", intp, "np.intp"),
("uint0", uintp, "np.uintp"),
("str0", str_, "np.str_"),
("bytes0", bytes_, "np.bytes_"),
("void0", void, "np.void"),
("object0", object_,
"`np.object0` is a deprecated alias for `np.object_`. "
"`object` can be used instead. (Deprecated NumPy 1.24)")]
# Some of these could be defined right away, but most were aliases to
# the Python objects and only removed in NumPy 1.24. Defining them should
# probably wait for NumPy 1.26 or 2.0.
# When defined, these should possibly not be added to `__all__` to avoid
# import with `from numpy import *`.
__future_scalars__ = {"bool", "long", "ulong", "str", "bytes", "object"}
__deprecated_attrs__.update({
n: (alias, _msg.format(n=n, an=an)) for n, alias, an in _type_info})
import math
__deprecated_attrs__['math'] = (math,
"`np.math` is a deprecated alias for the standard library `math` "
"module (Deprecated Numpy 1.25). Replace usages of `np.math` with "
"`math`")
del math, _msg, _type_info
from .core import abs
# now that numpy modules are imported, can initialize limits
core.getlimits._register_known_types()
__all__.extend(['__version__', 'show_config'])
__all__.extend(core.__all__)
__all__.extend(_mat.__all__)
__all__.extend(lib.__all__)
__all__.extend(['linalg', 'fft', 'random', 'ctypeslib', 'ma'])
# Remove min and max from __all__ to avoid `from numpy import *` override
# the builtins min/max. Temporary fix for 1.25.x/1.26.x, see gh-24229.
__all__.remove('min')
__all__.remove('max')
__all__.remove('round')
# Remove one of the two occurrences of `issubdtype`, which is exposed as
# both `numpy.core.issubdtype` and `numpy.lib.issubdtype`.
__all__.remove('issubdtype')
# These are exported by np.core, but are replaced by the builtins below
# remove them to ensure that we don't end up with `np.long == np.int_`,
# which would be a breaking change.
del long, unicode
__all__.remove('long')
__all__.remove('unicode')
# Remove things that are in the numpy.lib but not in the numpy namespace
# Note that there is a test (numpy/tests/test_public_api.py:test_numpy_namespace)
# that prevents adding more things to the main namespace by accident.
# The list below will grow until the `from .lib import *` fixme above is
# taken care of
__all__.remove('Arrayterator')
del Arrayterator
# These names were removed in NumPy 1.20. For at least one release,
# attempts to access these names in the numpy namespace will trigger
# a warning, and calling the function will raise an exception.
_financial_names = ['fv', 'ipmt', 'irr', 'mirr', 'nper', 'npv', 'pmt',
'ppmt', 'pv', 'rate']
__expired_functions__ = {
name: (f'In accordance with NEP 32, the function {name} was removed '
'from NumPy version 1.20. A replacement for this function '
'is available in the numpy_financial library: '
'https://pypi.org/project/numpy-financial')
for name in _financial_names}
# Filter out Cython harmless warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.dtype size changed")
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.ufunc size changed")
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.ndarray size changed")
# oldnumeric and numarray were removed in 1.9. In case some packages import
# but do not use them, we define them here for backward compatibility.
oldnumeric = 'removed'
numarray = 'removed'
def __getattr__(attr):
# Warn for expired attributes, and return a dummy function
# that always raises an exception.
import warnings
import math
try:
msg = __expired_functions__[attr]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
def _expired(*args, **kwds):
raise RuntimeError(msg)
return _expired
# Emit warnings for deprecated attributes
try:
val, msg = __deprecated_attrs__[attr]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return val
if attr in __future_scalars__:
# And future warnings for those that will change, but also give
# the AttributeError
warnings.warn(
f"In the future `np.{attr}` will be defined as the "
"corresponding NumPy scalar.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
if attr in __former_attrs__:
raise AttributeError(__former_attrs__[attr])
if attr == 'testing':
import numpy.testing as testing
return testing
elif attr == 'Tester':
"Removed in NumPy 1.25.0"
raise RuntimeError("Tester was removed in NumPy 1.25.")
raise AttributeError("module {!r} has no attribute "
"{!r}".format(__name__, attr))
def __dir__():
public_symbols = globals().keys() | {'testing'}
public_symbols -= {
"core", "matrixlib",
# These were moved in 1.25 and may be deprecated eventually:
"ModuleDeprecationWarning", "VisibleDeprecationWarning",
"ComplexWarning", "TooHardError", "AxisError"
}
return list(public_symbols)
# Pytest testing
from numpy._pytesttester import PytestTester
test = PytestTester(__name__)
del PytestTester
def _sanity_check():
"""
Quick sanity checks for common bugs caused by environment.
There are some cases e.g. with wrong BLAS ABI that cause wrong
results under specific runtime conditions that are not necessarily
achieved during test suite runs, and it is useful to catch those early.
See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/8577 and other
similar bug reports.
"""
try:
x = ones(2, dtype=float32)
if not abs(x.dot(x) - float32(2.0)) < 1e-5:
raise AssertionError()
except AssertionError:
msg = ("The current Numpy installation ({!r}) fails to "
"pass simple sanity checks. This can be caused for example "
"by incorrect BLAS library being linked in, or by mixing "
"package managers (pip, conda, apt, ...). Search closed "
"numpy issues for similar problems.")
raise RuntimeError(msg.format(__file__)) from None
_sanity_check()
del _sanity_check
def _mac_os_check():
"""
Quick Sanity check for Mac OS look for accelerate build bugs.
Testing numpy polyfit calls init_dgelsd(LAPACK)
"""
try:
c = array([3., 2., 1.])
x = linspace(0, 2, 5)
y = polyval(c, x)
_ = polyfit(x, y, 2, cov=True)
except ValueError:
pass
if sys.platform == "darwin":
from . import exceptions
with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
_mac_os_check()
# Throw runtime error, if the test failed Check for warning and error_message
if len(w) > 0:
for _wn in w:
if _wn.category is exceptions.RankWarning:
# Ignore other warnings, they may not be relevant (see gh-25433).
error_message = f"{_wn.category.__name__}: {str(_wn.message)}"
msg = (
"Polyfit sanity test emitted a warning, most likely due "
"to using a buggy Accelerate backend."
"\nIf you compiled yourself, more information is available at:"
"\nhttps://numpy.org/devdocs/building/index.html"
"\nOtherwise report this to the vendor "
"that provided NumPy.\n\n{}\n".format(error_message))
raise RuntimeError(msg)
del _wn
del w
del _mac_os_check
# We usually use madvise hugepages support, but on some old kernels it
# is slow and thus better avoided.
# Specifically kernel version 4.6 had a bug fix which probably fixed this:
# https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/7cf91a98e607c2f935dbcc177d70011e95b8faff
import os
use_hugepage = os.environ.get("NUMPY_MADVISE_HUGEPAGE", None)
if sys.platform == "linux" and use_hugepage is None:
# If there is an issue with parsing the kernel version,
# set use_hugepages to 0. Usage of LooseVersion will handle
# the kernel version parsing better, but avoided since it
# will increase the import time. See: #16679 for related discussion.
try:
use_hugepage = 1
kernel_version = os.uname().release.split(".")[:2]
kernel_version = tuple(int(v) for v in kernel_version)
if kernel_version < (4, 6):
use_hugepage = 0
except ValueError:
use_hugepages = 0
elif use_hugepage is None:
# This is not Linux, so it should not matter, just enable anyway
use_hugepage = 1
else:
use_hugepage = int(use_hugepage)
# Note that this will currently only make a difference on Linux
core.multiarray._set_madvise_hugepage(use_hugepage)
del use_hugepage
# Give a warning if NumPy is reloaded or imported on a sub-interpreter
# We do this from python, since the C-module may not be reloaded and
# it is tidier organized.
core.multiarray._multiarray_umath._reload_guard()
# default to "weak" promotion for "NumPy 2".
core._set_promotion_state(
os.environ.get("NPY_PROMOTION_STATE",
"weak" if _using_numpy2_behavior() else "legacy"))
# Tell PyInstaller where to find hook-numpy.py
def _pyinstaller_hooks_dir():
from pathlib import Path
return [str(Path(__file__).with_name("_pyinstaller").resolve())]
# Remove symbols imported for internal use
del os
# Remove symbols imported for internal use
del sys, warnings